Детальная информация
Bioethics: textbook for foreign students / Writing team: N.K. Kasiev, O.A. Bolbachan, D.D. Ibraimova; Approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic. — Bishkek: KRSU Publishing House, 2023. — 138 p. — <URL:http://lib.krsu.kg/uploads/files/public/12247.pdf>.
Дата создания записи
16.08.2023
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- INTRODUCTION
- THEMATIC PLAN OF LECTURES AND PRACTICAL CLASSES
- Topic 1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL ETHICS
- • content of the subject “Bioethics”;
- • basic concepts, definitions on the topic;
- • medical ethics, deontology, moral categories;
- • the content of myelogeny and the causes of iatrogeny.
- • analyze the basic concepts and moral categories necessary in the activities of a doctor;
- • solve situational problems on the topic.
- Topic study plan
- • solution of situational problems;
- • role play (work in a focus group).
- Literature
- Test questions on the topic
- Answers to test questions
- • inaction, non-provision of medical care (doctor in the performance of his duties and outside the performance);
- • negligence or malicious intent (selfish purpose);
- • non-qualified actions.
- • iatropsychogeny – a negative impact on the patient's psychic by a word, the result of a laboratory test, the conversation of medical workers among themselves;
- • iatropharmacologeny – a disease state caused by the action of drugs on the human body (allergic reaction, self-medication);
- • iatrophysiogeny – a disease state caused by the impact on the human body of physical factors (mechanical, thermal, radiation) used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
- • The Nuremberg Code (1947).
- • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
- • Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959).
- • Geneva Declaration (1948).
- • International Code of Medical Ethics (1949).
- • Convention of the Council of Europe (1997).
- Issues for discussion
- Essay topics for lesson 2
- Role play for lesson 2
- Situational tasks for topic 1 "Introduction to Biomedical Ethics"
- Task 1
- Task 2
- Task 3
- Task 4
- Recommended literature
- Topic 2. DOCTOR AND PATIENT RELATIONSHIPS, ETHICS OF PROFESSIONAL INTERACTION OF MEDICAL WORKERS
- • basic concepts on the topic;
- • models of doctor-patient relationship;
- • ethics of professional interaction;
- • Oath of Hippocrates;
- • The oath of a doctor of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation;
- • doctor's offenses.
- • analyze the ethics of doctor-patient relationships, as well as professional relationships between medical workers.
- Topic study plan
- • solution of situational problems, role-playing game;
- • listening to reference papers
- Test questions on the topic
- Answers to test questions
- • Paternalistic model – the form of relationship refers to the doctor's paternal care for the patient.
- • Engineering model – the patient is considered by the doctor not as a person, not as an individual, but as an object that needs to be repaired.
- • Contract model – the word "patient" is replaced by "client", and relationships in medicine are determined by the contract.
- • Anti-paternalistic (collegiate) model – the relationship between the doctor and the patient is built according to the type of relationship of colleagues to each other.
- • The name paternalistic model comes from the word "pater" – father.
- • The doctor decides how to examine the patient, what treatment to prescribe to him, what to recommend to him for prevention.
- • Recommendations are given without alternatives.
- • Physicians make decisions for others, based on their own values, which patients may not share.
- • This model has dominated in medicine for many centuries ("The Hippocratic Oath").
- • Tactical (incorrect choice of research or diagnostic method, incorrect evaluation of research results).
- • Technical (incorrect performance of manipulations, incorrect execution of medical documentation).
- • Medical errors are not the result of negligence, ignorance, or malicious acts.
- Issues for discussion
- Themes of reference papers for lesson 3
- Role-playing game
- Situational tasks for topic 2 "Relationship between doctor and patient, ethics of professional interaction of medical workers"
- Task 1
- • diagnosis of the disease;
- • forecast;
- • information that the doctor receives about the patient;
- • information that the doctor receives about the patient's close relatives;
- • non-medical information about the patient;
- Task 2
- Task 3
- Task 4
- Task 5
- Recommended literature
- Topic 3. MEDICAL AND ETHICAL PROBLEMS OF ABORTION AND NEW REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
- • legal issues of abortion and sexual sterilization;
- • moral and ethical problems of new reproductive technologies.
- • understand the moral and ethical issues of abortion and new reproductive technologies.
- Topic study plan
- • solution of situational problems;
- • listening to reference papers.
- Test questions on the topic
- Answers to test questions
- • The negative impact of abortion on a woman's body.
- • Every human being, even an embryo, has the right to life.
- • Man has no right to take the life of other innocent beings.
- • Human life begins at the moment of conception, abortion even at the very beginning of pregnancy is the murder of the fetus.
- • Abortion is a social evil (up to 70,000 women die every year in the world).
- • When abortion is allowed, the nation is depopulated.
- • The illegality of the emergence of a new life due to the death or disability of the mother (medical indications).
- • Mercy, that is, doctors, the state help people who find themselves in difficult life situations (social indications).
- • No one has the right to force a woman to keep her pregnancy against her will.
- • Should not produce unwanted children.
- • Only the woman herself has the right to decide when to become a mother.
- • Every woman has the right to independently decide the issue of motherhood.
- • Artificial termination of pregnancy is carried out at the request of a woman for up to 12 weeks, for social reasons – up to 22 weeks, for medical reasons (up to 28 weeks – the decision is made by a council of doctors or a doctor).
- • Any medical intervention during pregnancy is carried out with the consent of the spouses or the woman.
- • A woman cannot be forced by anyone into pregnancy, abortion, childbirth. Such actions should be considered as violence against a woman.
- • Persons who forced them to do so bear criminal liability.
- • Catholicism: Abortion is strictly prohibited as a flagrant violation of the natural moral law and is regarded as a form of murder. However, abortion is permissible to preserve the health of the mother.
- • Orthodoxy: understands artificial termination of pregnancy as the murder of life that has begun.
- • Islam: prohibits abortion, but recognizes medical indications for abortion.
- • Jewish religion: strictly forbids abortion.
- • Buddhism: abortion is a terrible sin – "Do not take anyone's life."
- • International law: contains neither norms nor principles specifically relating to voluntary sterilization.
- • Ethics: there is no special international deontological document on this issue.
- • Religion: Catholic prohibits, other religions allow with various stipulations.
- • International law allows sterilization.
- • Ethics: there is no special deontological document.
- • Religion: Catholic allows only for medical reasons, Protestant, Buddhist – allow, Islam, Jewish – prohibit.
- • In institutions that have received a license for the specified type of activity;
- • Availability of the written consent of the spouses (single woman);
- • Information about the conducted on artificial insemination, about the identity of the donor constitute a medical secret;
- • Women have the right to information about the artificial insemination procedure, the medical and legal aspects of its consequences, the data of the medical genetic examination, external data and the nationality of the donor;
- • Illegal artificial insemination performed on a woman entails criminal liability;
- • In case of no effect (the birth of children with anomalies), the recipients refuse to claim to the doctor;
- • The donor undertakes not to hide previous illnesses; to report truthful information about heredity.
- • The right of adult children to have information about the "biological father".
- • Most doctors allow the use of a human embryo for treatment.
- • Minority (religion does not allow this), because they believe that life begins from the moment of conception.
- • It is allowed to use no longer than 14 days after fertilization.
- • Notarized contract.
- • A surrogate mother can be a woman aged 18 to 35 years old, somatically and mentally healthy, who has undergone medical genetic counseling.
- • The surrogate mother is obliged to register for medical records (up to 12 weeks), be observed regularly and strictly follow the doctor's recommendations.
- • Spouses who have given their consent are liable during pregnancy and 42 days after childbirth.
- • Spouses who have entered into an agreement with a surrogate mother can be registered as parents only with her consent.
- • In the absence of the consent of the surrogate mother to transfer the child to the parents, the right of motherhood remains with the surrogate mother.
- • Spouses do not have the right to abandon the born child.
- Issues for discussion
- Themes of reference papers for lesson 4
- Situational tasks for topic 3 “Medico-ethical problems of abortionand new reproductive technologies”
- Task 1
- Task 2
- Task 3
- Task 4
- Task 5
- Recommended literature
- Topic 4. BIOETHIC PROBLEMS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES. ETHICAL ISSUES OF CLINICAL TESTS AND EXPERIMENTS ON HUMAN AND ANIMALS
- • bioethical problems of human genetics, genetic engineering;
- • bioethical problems in clinical transplantology, transfusiology;
- • ethical problems of tests and experiments on humans and animals.
- • understand the general ethical principles of genetics, genetic engineering, transplantation and transfusiology, as well as when conducting experiments on humans and animals in moral, ethical and legal issues.
- Topic study plan
- • solution of situational problems, role-playing game;
- • listening to reference papers.
- Test questions on the topic
- Answers to test questions
- • The human genome underlies the commonality of all people.
- • The human genome – human heritage, dignity and diversity.
- • The human genome should not serve as a source of increased income.
- • Universal access to genetic information.
- • Creation of ethical committees in countries to assess ethical, social and legal issues related to the human genome.
- • The Catholic Church is a supporter of transplantation, believing that it is an act of mercy and a moral duty.
- • Protestants are in favor of transplantation, but for free organ donation, otherwise it is immoral.
- • The Orthodox Church does not forbid transplantation, but morally warns to consider the human body as a set of spare parts.
- • Confucianism (China): the human body is considered inviolable, belonging to ancestors and descendants.
- • Removal of organs and tissues from a living donor is permissible only if the council of doctors gives a conclusion that significant harm will not be caused to him, and subsequently guarantees free treatment and rehabilitation.
- • Removal of organs and tissues from a living donor under the age of 18 is not allowed (excl. bone marrow).
- • The removal of organs from persons who are in service dependence is not allowed.
- • Organ transplantation is carried out with the written consent of the recipient or his relatives.
- • The sale and purchase of organs, as well as the advertising of these activities, are subject to criminal liability.
- • Objects of transplantation can be: heart, lungs, kidney, liver, bone marrow, etc.
- • The recipient must be informed about the complications for his health.
- • The diagnosis of brain death is established by the commission of doctors of the health facility where the patient is located, consisting of: an resuscitator-anaesthesiologist with at least 5 years of experience in the intensive care unit, a neuropat...
- • A protocol for establishing brain death is issued.
- • Organ retrieval is only allowed in public health facilities.
- • Removal of organs or tissues from a corpse is not allowed if the health care institution at the time of removal was informed that during the life of the person, his close relatives expressed their disagreement.
- • Removal of organs from a corpse is carried out with the permission of the head doctor of the health facility, by a forensic medical expert with the notification of the prosecutor.
- • Blood donation must be voluntary, psychological pressure must not be exerted on the donor.
- • Discrimination on the basis of nationality, race, gender, or religion is unacceptable in donation.
- • Donor anonymity must be respected.
- • The donor is morally responsible for information about his or her health status.
- • Mandatory testing of donated blood for AIDS, hepatitis and venereal diseases.
- • The purpose of transfusion of blood and its components is to provide the recipient with the most effective and safest possible care (the patient should benefit, and the side and harmful effects of the procedure should be minimized).
- • Relatives and friends of the patient can donate blood (referral donation).
- • The patient himself can donate blood before the operation – auto donation.
- • Anonymity.
- • Side effects and harmful effects of the procedure should be kept to a minimum.
- • Any biomedical research involving a human may only be conducted with written consent.
- • Propaganda, including in the media, of methods of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medicines that have not been tested is prohibited.
- • When consent is obtained, the citizen must be provided with information about the goals, methods, side effects and possible risks.
- • It is not allowed to conduct the experiment on children under 15 years of age.
- • Convention of the Council of Europe – designed to ensure respectful attitude of medical personnel to the patient, minimize possible moral and material damage during the experiment and increase the responsibility of medical workers for the moral
- • Respect for animals during the experiment and during slaughter.
- • Animals selected for the experiment should be kept to a minimum.
- • Procedures with the use of animals, which can cause minor pain, stress, should be performed with the use of analgesics, sedatives.
- • Surgical interventions should not be performed without the use of anesthesia.
- Issues for discussion
- Themes of reference papers for lesson 5
- Role-playing game
- Situational tasks for topic 4 “Bioethical problems of medical technologies. Ethical Issues in Conducting Clinical Trials and Experiments on man and animals"
- Task 1
- Task 2
- Task 3
- Task 4
- Task 5
- Recommended literature
- Topic 5. BIOETHIC PROBLEMS OF DYING AND DEATH. EUTHANASIA
- • bioethical problems of dying and death;
- • deontology in clinical resuscitation;
- • euthanasia, bioethical and legal issues.
- • understand the deontological and legal problems of dying and death of a person.
- Topic study plan
- • solution of situational problems;
- • listening to abstracts.
- Test questions on the topic
- Answers to test questions
- • Diagnostics must be absolutely reliable, carried out by specially trained personnel and properly documented.
- • The decision to discontinue circulatory and gas exchange support therapy, after a collegiate discussion, should be made by the attending physician in accordance with his conscience and convictions.
- • In such cases, it is not necessary to inform relatives. It is important for them to know that all measures were taken, but they turned out to be ineffective.
- • The decision is made by the doctor without the request of the patient (mercy killing).
- • The doctor helps to perform euthanasia at the request of the patient.
- • Actions are taken at the request of relatives or a court order.
- • The patient himself turns on the device, which leads him to a quick and painless death.
- • medical – death, a means to end the suffering of the patient;
- • care of the patient about relatives;
- • dignified departure from life;
- • destruction of inferior people;
- • termination of ineffective life support measures in order to use the equipment for prospective patients;
- • economic reasons (sustaining life requires the use of expensive drugs).
- • Do not kill, "love of neighbor."
- • Medicine knows cases of curing even incurable diseases.
- • With an active social position of society, full rehabilitation of the disabled is possible.
- Issues for discussion
- Themes of reference papers for lesson 6
- Situational tasks for topic 5 “Bioethical problems of dying and death”
- Task 1
- Task 2
- Task 3
- Task 4
- Task 5
- Recommended literature
- Topic 6. THE IDEA OF JUSTICE IN MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE
- • the principle of justice and the human right to health care and medical care;
- • major ethical issues in various emergencies and among prisoners.
- • understand ethical issues in various emergencies and with prisoners.
- Topic study plan
- • • solution of situational problems, role-playing game;
- • • listening to abstracts.
- Test questions on the topic
- Answers to test questions
- • During emergencies, difficult conditions arise for the provision of medical care or treatment to victims.
- • The main ethical principle is the readiness of medical personnel to conduct emergency medical measures (first aid, qualified and specialized).
- • A physician must not authorize torture, inhuman treatment, or humiliation.
- • A doctor cannot provide premises, tools, drugs, his knowledge in order to use them for torture and other forms of treatment.
- • A doctor should not be present during torture.
- • The doctor is obliged to explain to the prisoner the possible consequences of refusing food (he has no right to force artificial feeding).
- • If the doctor suspects poor care, he must report it to the social services.
- • The right of the elderly to freely choose a doctor should not be restricted.
- • The doctor must remain objective and unbiased.
- • Physicians must protect the physical, mental health and interests of the elderly.
- • The doctor must have detailed information about the fasting person.
- • Before starting a hunger strike, the doctor should conduct a thorough medical examination.
- • The physician should not exert pressure to end the hunger strike.
- • The doctor is obliged to inform about the medical consequences of the hunger strike.
- • Medical assistance is provided only with the permission of the starving person.
- • If the patient falls into a coma, the doctor has the right to make an independent decision on the provision of assistance.
- • The physician has a duty to inform the family of the consequences.
- • The doctor should inquire daily about the patient's intention to continue the hunger strike.
- Issues for discussion
- Themes of reference papers for lesson 7
- Role-playing game
- Situational tasks for topic 6 “The Idea of Justice in Medicine and Public Health”
- Task 1
- Task 2
- Task 3
- Recommended literature
- Topic 7. ETHICAL AND LEGAL BASES OF PSYCHIATRYAND PSYCHOTHERAPY
- • ethical and legal foundations for the provision of mental health care;
- • deontology of doctor-patient relationship.
- • to understand ethical, deontological and legal problems of psychiatry.
- Topic study plan
- • solution of situational problems;
- • listening to abstracts.
- Test questions on the topic
- Answers to test questions
- • Address directly to the head physician or head. department for treatment, examination, discharge.
- • Submit uncensored complaints, applications to executive authorities, the prosecutor's office, the court, etc.
- • Meet with a lawyer, clergy in private.
- • Perform religious rites.
- • Receive education under the program of a general education school (up to 18 years).
- • Subscribe to newspapers, magazines.
- • Receive remuneration for work.
- • Conduct correspondence without censorship.
- • Receive and send parcels, money transfers.
- • Use the phone.
- • Receive visitors.
- • Use your clothes.
- • A psychiatric examination without the patient's consent is accepted by a psychiatrist with a court order.
- • A person placed in a psychiatric hospital is subject to mandatory examination within 48 hours by a commission of psychiatrists.
- • If the hospitalization was carried out on an involuntary basis justifiably, then such a patient during the first 6 months at least once a month is subject to examination by psychiatrists.
- • After 6 months, the administration of the psychiatric hospital applies to the court about the need to extend the hospitalization.
- • Protection of the rights of patients in a psychiatric hospital: A service for the protection of the rights of the patient has been established, independent of the health authorities.
- • Protect the rights of patients, accept their complaints and applications, which are considered with the administration of this psychiatric institution, or sent to the court or the prosecutor's office.
- • Persons suffering from a mental disorder have all the rights and freedoms of citizens.
- • Psychiatric care for adults is provided upon voluntary treatment with his consent.
- • Minors (under 15 years of age), incapacitated, assistance is provided at the request or with the consent of the guardians, etc.
- • Respectful and humane attitude towards patients, excluding humiliation of human dignity.
- • Getting information about your rights and treatment options.
- • Detention in a psychiatric hospital only for the period necessary for examination and treatment.
- • Prior consent or waiver at any stage of a clinical trial.
- • Isolation of the mentally ill (without the consent of the patient and his legal representatives).
- • Measures of physical restraint and isolation during involuntary hospitalization are applied:
- • medical errors;
- • non-medical factors (political in order to isolate a person who expresses his views on the structure of society, country).
- • as a punishment (for violation of the regime).
- • a doctor has no right to conclude property transactions with a patient, use his labor for personal gain.
- Issues for discussion
- Themes of reference papers for lesson 8
- Situational tasks for topic 7 “Ethical and legal foundations of psychiatry and psychotherapy”
- Task 1
- Task 2
- Task 3
- Task 4
- Task 5
- Recommended literature
- Topic 8. FAMILY MEDICINE AND ETHICS. AIDS – MORAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
- • basic concepts on the topic;
- • ethical and deontological issues in the activities of oncologists, family medicine doctors;
- • ethical issues of AIDS.
- • analyze the peculiarities of ethical issues arising in the work of oncologists, groups of family doctors and doctors of the AIDS Centers.
- Topic study plan
- • solution of situational problems;
- • listening to abstracts.
- Test questions on the topic
- Answers to test questions
- • The doctor must be competent and timely refer the patient for consultation with a specialist.
- • It is necessary to convince patients of the undesirability of his intention to be treated by psychics and healers.
- • The doctor needs to speak carefully about the diagnosis of the disease and its prognosis.
- • The family needs complete information about the disease.
- • Ethical and deontological problem is also the relationship of a doctor with an elderly patient, it is necessary to treat him as a person with his past, present and future.
- • At the level of everyday life – "spidophobia", discrimination of patients (dismissal from work, relatives and friends stop communicating, refusal to accept a child in a children's institution, etc.).
- • Law in the Russian Federation, the Kyrgyz Republic "On the prevention of the spread of the disease":
- • Emergence of stress in healthcare workers dealing with infected and sick patients in the provision of medical care:
- • At the state level:
- • Failed pre-test counseling and reporting a positive result to the patient.
- • Patients are finally informed of the test results only after confirmation of a positive result. This is done in order to avoid tragic accidents.
- • Take into account the psychology of a cancer patient who is not subject to antitumor treatment, with advanced disease.
- • Take into account the psychology of a cancer patient with clinical manifestations of a disease subject to special antitumor treatment.
- • Consider the psychology of a cancer patient without clinical manifestations of a malignant tumor.
- Issues for discussion
- Situational tasks for topic 8 “Family Medicine and Ethics. AIDS – moral and ethical problems”
- Task 1
- Task 2
- Task 3
- Task 4
- Recommended literature
- Topic 9. MAIN INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS FOR BIOMEDICAL ETHICS
- • Fundamentals of international documents on biomedical ethics.
- • to understand ethical questions according to international documents.
- Topic study plan
- • solution of situational problems, role-playing game;
- • listening to abstracts.
- Test questions on the topic
- Answers to test questions
- • the doctor should behave towards his colleagues in the same way as they behave towards him (causes controversy);
- • a doctor should not poach patients from his colleagues;
- • a physician should not speak bad things of his colleagues in the presence of a patient.
- • the physician must always remember the obligation to preserve human life;
- • the doctor must show complete loyalty to the patient and use all the means of science;
- • if treatment or research is beyond his capacity, he must invite another doctor who has the necessary ability;
- • The doctor must keep absolutely confidential everything he knows about his patient (excludes disclosure of the patient's secret when the interests of third parties are affected).
- • the doctor should be engaged in business, not being guided by the motive for making a profit;
- • “any self-promotion” is recognized as unethical (excl. sanctioning by the National Code of Medical Ethics);
- • It is unethical to “collaborate in the provision of any type of medical care in which the doctor does not have professional independence”;
- • it is unethical to receive any amount of money in connection with services rendered to a patient, in addition to an appropriate professional remuneration, even if the patient is aware of this;
- • The physician is advised to exercise caution when publishing or discovering new treatments. The doctor should only approve what he personally checked.
- • medical intervention should be carried out with the voluntary informed consent of the patient;
- • medical intervention in relation to minors is carried out only with the permission of the parents or legal representative;
- • medical intervention on an incapacitated adult is permitted only with the consent of the legal representative or without the consent of the person, when the lack of intervention is fraught with serious harm to health.
- • the human body and its parts should not, as such, be a source of financial gain;
- • а part of a human body removed during a medical intervention may be stored and used for the purposes for which it was removed. For other purposes, it can only be used in accordance with the procedures for obtaining the appropriate consent.
- Situational tasks for topic 9 Main international documents on biomedical ethics
- Task 1
- Task 2
- Task 3
- Recommended reading
- Topic 1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL ETHICS
- TICKETS
- KNOWLEDGE TESTS
- • a set of ethical standards for the performance of their professional duties by medical workers;
- • patients about their health;
- • studies morality;
- • adverse effect on the human psyche.
- • a set of ethical standards for the performance of their professional duties by medical workers.
- Annex 1
- HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF MEDICAL ETHICS
- Hippocratic Oath
- Annex 2
- GENEVA DECLARATION OF THE WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (1948)
- (Doctor's oath)
- Oath of the Russian Federation Doctor
- OATH OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC DOCTOR
- • devote all knowledge and strength to the preservation and restoration of the health of our people;
- • to the extent of the forces, knowledge and skills to alleviate the suffering of the patient;
- • provide medical care to patients, regardless of nationality, social status, political views and religion, respecting their human dignity;
- • do not abuse the trust of their patients and maintain medical secrecy;
- • observe the ethical principles of the medical profession and do not tarnish the high title of a doctor;
- • constantly improve my knowledge and skills, based on modern achievements of medical science and practice, protect and develop the noble traditions of domestic medicine;
- • apply, if the interests of the patient require it, for advice to colleagues and always be ready to help and advise them;
- • sacredly honor the Hippocratic oath and the precepts of Ulukman.
- Annex 3
- UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
- Preamble
- Article 1
- Article 2
- Article 3
- Article 4
- Article 5
- Article 6
- Article 7
- Article 8
- Article 9
- Article 10
- Article 11
- Article 12
- Article 13
- Article 14
- Article 15
- Article 16
- Nuremberg Code
- International Code of Medical Ethics
- General duties of doctors
- The duty of the physician to the patient
- Responsibilities of physicians towards each other
- Ethical principles for conducting medical research involving humans as research subjects
- • 29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975;
- • 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983;
- • 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989;
- • 48th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, South Africa, October 1996;
- • 52nd WMA General Assembly, Edinburgh, Scotland, October 2000;
- • 53rd WMA General Assembly, Washington, USA, 2002;
- • 55th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, 2004;
- • 59th WMA General Assembly, Seoul, South Korea, October 2008
- • use of placebo or no treatment is acceptable in studies where no proven intervention exists; or
- • where there are compelling scientifically sound methodological reasons for using a placebo to determine the efficacy or safety of an intervention, and patients receiving placebo or no treatment would not be at risk of serious or irreversible harm to...
- Annex 4
- LAW OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
- “On the reproductive rights of citizens and guarantees for their implementation”
- Chapter 1. General Provisions
- THE FEDERAL LAW “Fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens”
- Annex 5
- THE FEDERAL LAW
- “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation for the Protection of the Health of Citizens”
- • Information about artificial insemination and embryo implantation, as well as the identity of the donor, is a medical secret.
- • Artificial insemination of a woman and implantation of an embryo is carried out in institutions that have received a license, with the written consent of the spouses.
- • A woman has the right to independently decide the issue of motherhood.
- • Artificial termination of pregnancy is carried out at the request of a woman with a gestational age of up to 12 weeks, according to social indications – up to 22 weeks, and if there are medical indications and the woman's consent – regardless of the...
- • Medical personnel are prohibited from performing euthanasia.
- • A person who knowingly induces a patient to euthanasia and performs it bears criminal liability.
- • Removal of human organs and tissues for transplantation is allowed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
- • Human organs and tissues cannot be the subject of purchase, sale and commercial transactions.
- • Coercion to remove organs and tissues is not allowed.
- • Persons involved in these commercial transactions, purchases and sales bear criminal liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
- • Information about the fact of applying for medical care, the state of health, the diagnosis of the disease and other information obtained during the examination and treatment constitute a medical secret.
- • With the consent of a citizen or his legal representative, it is allowed to transfer information constituting a medical secret to other citizens, including officials, in the interests of examining and treating a patient.
- • Providing information constituting a medical secret without the consent of a citizen or his legal representative is allowed:
- LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION “About organ transplantation and (or) human tissues”
- • The objects of transplantation can be the heart, lung, kidney, liver, bone marrow, and other organs and tissues (the list is determined by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation).
- • Removal of organs or tissues for transplantation is not allowed from a living donor under the age of 18 (except in cases of bone marrow transplantation).
- • Removal of organs and tissues is not allowed from persons who are in official or other dependence on the recipient.
- • Organs or tissues can be removed from a corpse for transplantation if there is indisputable evidence of the fact of death, recorded by a council of medical specialists.
- “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation for the Protection of the Health of Citizens”
- Annex 6
- LAW OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
- “On public health protection”
- • Citizens entering into marriage in order to protect their own health and their offspring have the right to undergo a medical genetic examination.
- • Citizens have the right to receive complete and objective information about the state of their health and the health of their children.
- • A woman is given the right to decide for herself the issue of motherhood. In order to protect the health of a woman, modern methods of preventing unwanted pregnancy can be carried out with her consent (surgical sterilization only if there are medica...
- • Artificial insemination, embryo implantation can be performed on the basis of the mutual consent of the spouses (to an unmarried woman with her consent).
- • Every healthy citizen between the ages of 18 and 60 has the right to donate blood and blood components.
- • Every citizen who has reached the age of 18 can become a donor for transplantation of organs and tissues. Forced removal of organs and tissues and their transplantation is not allowed.
- LAW OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC “On donation of blood and its components”
- • Donors – persons who voluntarily donate their blood and its components for transfusion to sick and injured people.
- • The main principles of donation are voluntariness, harmlessness and safety.
- • Every citizen who has passed a medical examination and does not suffer from diseases for which donation is contraindicated can be a blood donor.
- • The donor is obliged to provide all information known to him about the past diseases.
- • The amount of monetary compensation for enhanced nutrition of the donor and the cost of the donor's nutrition on the day of blood donation are established by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic.
- “On public health protection”
- Annex 7
- SELECTED DOCUMENTS OF THE WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
- INTERNATIONAL CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS
- General duties of doctors
- The duties of the physician to the patient
- Responsibilities of physicians towards each other
- DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM OF PRACTITIONING PHYSICIANS
- DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND PROFESSIONAL FREEDOM OF THE DOCTOR
- STATEMENT FOR FREEDOM OF CONTACTS BETWEEN DOCTORS
- LIST OF RECOMMENDED LITERATURE
- GLOSSARY OF TERMS (GLOSSARY)
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